What are accounting standards? They differ between China and the USA in regulations.

What are Accounting Standards?

Accounting Standards are rules, principles, and guidelines established to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and comparability of accounting information. The objective of accounting standards is to ensure that businesses and organizations follow consistent accounting principles and methods when preparing financial statements, thus providing accurate, reliable, and meaningful financial information to stakeholders. The main goals of accounting standards include the following categories.

1. Providing accurate information: Accounting standards ensure that the financial statements prepared by businesses and organizations accurately reflect their financial position, performance, and cash flows. Accurate financial information is crucial for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.
2. Maintaining consistency: The establishment and application of accounting standards allow different businesses and organizations to use the same accounting principles and methods when preparing financial statements, ensuring the comparability of financial information. This helps stakeholders to perform cross-company and cross-industry comparisons and analyses.
3. Increasing transparency: Accounting standards require businesses and organizations to provide ample financial information, enabling stakeholders to understand their financial position and performance, and make appropriate assessments and decisions. Transparent financial information helps build trust and confidence.

Accounting standards are typically established and issued by national, regional, or international accounting bodies. Different countries and regions may have their own accounting standards, such as the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), etc. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is responsible for developing and issuing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to promote consistency and comparability of financial information globally.

Businesses and organizations should follow applicable accounting standards when preparing financial statements and disclose their accounting policies and estimation methods to ensure the reliability and understandability of financial information. Compliance with accounting standards is essential for maintaining the quality, trust, and compliance of financial statements.

What is the Role of Accounting Standards?

The role of accounting standards is to ensure that the financial statements prepared by businesses and organizations can provide accurate, reliable, and comparable financial information, helping stakeholders make wise decisions and assess risks. The roles are specifically divided into the following categories.

1. Providing accurate and reliable financial information: Accounting standards ensure that financial statements prepared by businesses and organizations can provide accurate and reliable financial information. Accurate financial information is crucial for investors, creditors, management, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.
2. Maintaining consistency and comparability: The establishment and application of accounting standards ensure that businesses and organizations use consistent accounting principles and methods when preparing financial statements. This allows financial information to be comparable across different time periods and entities, facilitating analysis and comparison by stakeholders.
3. Promoting transparency and trust: Accounting standards require businesses and organizations to make comprehensive disclosures, enabling stakeholders to understand the financial condition, performance, and risk situations. Transparent financial information helps establish trust and confidence and increases market transparency.
4. Assisting decision-making and risk assessment: Financial information provided by accounting standards assists management and investors in decision-making and risk assessment. Data and indicators in the financial statements can be used to analyze the profitability, solvency, cash flows, etc., of a business, thereby assisting decision-makers in making informed choices.
5. Complying with laws and regulatory requirements: Accounting standards are often aligned with legal and regulatory requirements. Compliance with accounting standards helps ensure that the financial reporting of businesses and organizations meets legal and regulatory requirements, avoiding potential legal and regulatory risks.
6. Facilitating international communication and investment: The adoption and harmonization of international accounting standards facilitate international communication and investment. Unified accounting standards make it easier for multinational corporations and investors to understand and compare financial information across different countries and regions, increasing the transparency and predictability of investments.

Furthermore, accounting standards also provide a framework for businesses and organizations to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, promoting international communication and investment.

Who Establishes Accounting Standards?

The establishment of accounting standards is completed by different institutions and organizations, including national, regional, and international bodies. Below are some of the main accounting standard-setting bodies.

1. National bodies: Each country has its own accounting standard-setting body responsible for developing accounting standards applicable to businesses and organizations within its territory. For example, accounting standards in the United States are developed and issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and in China, by the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
2. Regional bodies: In some regions, such as the European Union (EU) member states, accounting standards may be developed and issued by regional institutions. For example, the accounting standards adopted by the EU are coordinated by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) and the European Union Accounting Standards Consultative Group (UECAG).
3. International bodies: Some international institutions are responsible for developing and issuing globally applicable accounting standards to promote consistency and comparability in international financial reporting. The most notable international accounting standard-setting body is the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), responsible for developing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). IFRS has become the primary standard for financial reporting by many businesses and regions worldwide.

These accounting standard-setting bodies are typically composed of experienced accounting professionals, academics, and representatives from regulatory agencies. They develop and revise accounting standards based on market needs, the evolution and changes in accounting principles, and considerations of public interest. It's worth noting that there may be differences between accounting standards in different countries and regions, and investors and stakeholders need to be aware of these differences when making cross-country comparisons and analyses.

What are the Differences Between US and Chinese Accounting Standards?

There are some differences between US and Chinese accounting standards, mainly due to different histories, legal systems, and accounting philosophies. Below are some of the main differences between US and Chinese accounting standards.

1. Accounting principles: The US adopts the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), while China adopts the Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS). US standards tend to emphasize market transactions and fair value, while Chinese standards prioritize national interest and macroeconomic control.
2. Fair value measurement: US accounting standards have a broader application of fair value, with many financial instruments and investments requiring measurement and reporting at fair value. Chinese standards use fair value less frequently, focusing more on cost measurement and historical cost.
3. Consolidation of business operations: When it comes to consolidating business operations, US accounting standards emphasize judgment of control and risk responsibilities, typically adopting a control model. Chinese standards focus more on substantial economic relationships, often using a substantial economic relationship model.
4. Government grants: US accounting standards have detailed provisions for accounting treatment of government grants, requiring classification and disclosure according to the nature and conditions of the grants. Chinese standards are relatively simple in the treatment of government grants, usually categorizing them as business income or capital reserves.
5. Accounting treatment for investment companies: US accounting standards have detailed regulations for the accounting treatment of investment companies, including specific reporting requirements and measurement methods. Chinese standards are relatively simple in the treatment of investment companies, relying more on general accounting principles.

It should be noted that the accounting standards of the US and China have also been converging in recent years. China is advancing the alignment with international accounting standards, progressively adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as the basis for Chinese accounting standards, to enhance the international comparability and transparency of financial reporting.

For investors and stakeholders, understanding the differences between accounting standards is crucial to correctly interpret and compare financial information. When making cross-border investments and comparisons, it's necessary to consider the impact of different accounting standards on financial statements and to make appropriate adjustments and analysis.